نشریه علوم و فنون مرزی
پیاپی 43 (زمستان 1401)

The effectiveness of human resources is an efficient tool based on the transformative attitude of management in such a way that by using it, organizations can take very long and fast steps in the path of development and growth. The purpose of this research is to identify the effect of organizational structure on the effectiveness of employees with the mediating role of delegating authority in the Border Guard Command of Khuzestan province.In terms of its methodology this study is of a quantitative research type and in terms of its objectives it is of an applied research type descriptive and in terms of nature it is considered a descriptive and correlation type. The statistical population of the current research is made up of level one and two officials of the border guard command of Khuzestan province in the first half of 2021. Based on stratified and simple random sampling method, 95 people make up the sample size. The measuring tool consists of a questionnaire of 48 questions made by the researcher based on the theoretical foundations and standard questionnaires of Robbins (1987) and Vick et al. (2000). The reliability of the tool was calculated by Cronbach's alpha and its value was .83. And to check the validity of all the components of this questionnaire, the face validity method was used. The mean tests were used to test the hypotheses. The present data were analyzed using SPSS software.The findings of the research show that the organizational structure has a 75% direct effect on the effectiveness of employees and 43% indirect effect through the delegation of authority. In addition, delegation of authority has a direct effect on the effectiveness of employees by 51%. Also, the organizational structure can predict 69% of changes in delegation.The results of the research showed that the degree of direct and indirect influence of the organizational structure on the effectiveness of the employees indicates that in order to improve the effectiveness of the employees of the border guard command of Khuzestan province in performing their legal duties, not only structural components and indicators should be strengthened, but also the strengthening of variables such as delegation of authority, which was entered as a mediating variable in this study, should be considered, reviewed and strengthened.

Maintaining and improving the security of borders and border areas is a constant concern of countries that have long common borders with their neighbors. In this regard, one of the ways to establish security in the border areas is the issue of blocking the border. This research has been prepared with the aim of identifying the methods of blocking the border of Iran and Turkmenistan and also the appropriate methods of blocking the border of the two countries based on the geographical conditions of the border areas of Golestan province.In terms of its objectives this study is of an applied research type and in terms of execution method it is descriptive and in terms of nature it is considered a qualitative research. The statistical population of the research consists of border guard, interior ministry, army, and army corps experts of Golestan province. 28 people were selected as the sample size. Data analysis has been done using the theme analysis technique.According to the findings of the research, the most important methods of blocking the Iran-Turkmenistan border based on the state of the sea are: predicting a metal floating outpost, deploying a drone unit, assigning fast and support vessels, constructing a pond and a wharf; based on the condition of the river: increasing electronic and optical equipment, using electric fences and sensors; based on the plain situation: building a base and targeted turrets, electronic blocking of the border using radar and sensors, and physical blocking of the border with fencing, barbed wire and concrete walls, and based on the mountain situation: building observation towers in the heights, optical and electronic equipment, using aerial patrols with helishot, drones and deployment of balloons with electronic equipment at night.

One of the most important topics in international law is border disputes, which can be seen in various forms in most regions of the world and have a great impact on the type and level of relations between countries in the international system. Considering this issue, in this article we seek to answer the main following question: What achievements has international law made in resolving border disputes between countries? In order to answer the mentioned question, according to the nature of the research data, which is of a qualitative type, a descriptive method was used for data analysis, and after reviewing the documents and reliable scientific sources in both theoretical and analytical parts, the current research was developed. To prove the hypothesis that international law as an international mechanism has had important achievements in the resolution of border disputes, several examples of border disputes between countries were discussed and the findings of the research showed that the legal solutions and procedures provided by the International Court of Justice, which are derived from the laws of international law, has been effective in resolving border disputes between countries and also maintaining peace and stability in the world community. In the following, the conclusion drawn from the present research is as follows: Middle Eastern countries, especially the Islamic Republic of Iran, due to the existence of numerous territorial and border disputes with their neighbors, need constructive interactions with international legal institutions, because the best way to achieve the benefits and national security to be effective, is the path soft power and international capacities.

Possessing map reading and technical skills is one of the important aspects of commanders' operational capability in border units. Considering the conditions governing the border areas, it is important to formulate accurate indicators in this field to empower the commanders and also evaluate their skill level and capability in managerial and organizational evaluations based on these indicators. This issue has not been investigated in our country so far and the article is innovative in this aspect. Therefore, the Delphi method was implemented in three stages, including the qualitative-exploratory stage and two quantitative stages of the Delphi survey. 73 indicators identified in the qualitative stage for map reading and calculus technique were categorized into 5 skills, which include 19 indicators in orientation and routing; 14 indicators in determining distance and scale; There are 7 indicators in the detection of land features, 14 indicators in determining the position, and 19 indicators in the detection of signs and military contracts. Kendall's coefficient of agreement test (w) in the second stage of implementing the Delphi questionnaire revealed the achievement of summaries above 50% among the participants in the 5 mentioned skills. Indicators of the ability to determine the location of the enemy's outpost on the map, the ability to calculate the distance between the enemy's outpost and the enemy's outpost using a linear scale, recognizing the shape of the land and unevenness and explaining the effect of each complication on military maneuvers in the detection of terrain complications, placing the given UTM coordinates on the map in determining the position and the recognition of signs related to different orders - the ability to draw signs related to military and law enforcement units in recognizing military signs and contracts were identified as the most important indicators.

The purpose of the current research is to investigate and analyze the aging population of the coastal provinces of the country and its spatial distribution.The research method of the present study is a mixed method of descriptive-analytical, documentary and secondary analysis methods, and in terms of its objectives, this research is of an applied type. To analyze and evaluate the situation of the elderly in the coastal provinces of the country, the information and data of the census of 2015 have been used. Spatial analysis of the aging status of the studied area and its spatial distribution has been done using Arc GIS 10.8 software. The findings showed that according to the three-level index of the United Nations, Sistan and Baluchistan and Hormozgan provinces are young, Gilan and Mazandaran provinces are old and 3 other coastal provinces of the country are adults. Among the 7 coastal provinces of the country, Gilan province with 36.43 has the lowest total dependency ratio among the coastal provinces of the country. According to the elderly dependency ratio index, Gilan province has the highest dependency ratio of the elderly among the 7 coastal provinces of the country with 12.14. Out of 7 coastal provinces of the country, Sistan and Baluchistan province is facing aging of men and 6 other coastal provinces are facing aging of women. In terms of the old age coefficient or old age index, the provinces of Sistan and Baluchistan and Hormozgan are young, Gilan and Mazandaran provinces are old and 3 other coastal provinces of the country are adults. The results showed that the aging process of the population in the coastal provinces of the country is not the same, and some coastal provinces of the country are faster and some are slower. In general, the situation and spatial distribution of aging in the coastal provinces of the country is such that the most problem is in the coastal provinces of Gilan and Mazandaran, then in the coastal provinces of Golestan, Khuzestan and Bushehr, and in the last stage in the provinces of Sistan and Baluchistan and Hormozgan.

In international law, one of the topics that has been used to resolve disputes between actors of the international system is negotiation and constructive interactions between countries. One of the negotiation approaches among the aforementioned units is conducting border diplomacy in the form of negotiations between representatives of neighboring countries to resolve issues and problems related to border areas and stabilize peace and establish security in these areas. According to this issue, in the present study, the position of border diplomacy in international law was analyzed. In this article, by using the descriptive-analytical method and examining the valid documents and documents related to the research topic, to the question that; What is the position of border diplomacy in international law? Answered. The findings showed that negotiation is one of the most important resources provided in international law to resolve disputes between countries, and due to the existence of numerous issues and problems in border areas, it has the most efficiency and application among the units of the system. has had an international Border diplomacy in the form of negotiation is one of the most important approaches of international law to resolve border disputes and has a very important place in establishing peace and establishing security in relations between countries. Carrying out border interactions and preventing any formation of insecurity in the border areas between countries is a matter that takes place through border meetings in the form of border diplomacy on behalf of institutions related to border areas in countries. Considering this issue, the most favorable result that can be presented from the current research; Exploiting the resources of international law in the form of border diplomacy by countries with long borders and delegating authority to institutions related to border areas in order to protect and protect their borders and reduce tension and conflict between countries.

Iran and Iraq, as two influential actors in historical periods, have always been influenced by convergent/divergent actions arising from geographical realities in between and in the region, because the factor of geography somehow imposes itself on political systems. Therefore, in recent years, one of the border challenges between Iran and Iraq that has affected the foreign policy of the two countries has been the issues related to hydro-politics. Applying a descriptive-analytical method, the present study aims to answer the following question: What are the most important border challenges of Iran and Iraq in the field of hydro-politics? To conduct the current research, after collecting the documents related to the research, they were explained and analyzed, and the obtained results showed that the most important border challenges of Iran and Iraq in the field of hydro-political resources can be analyzed in two local and regional dimensions. In the local dimension, the mismanagement of water resources and jeopardizing border security due to the crisis-generating potential of the western borders of the country, which can be explained in this issue, first; it mentioned the possibility of a negative reaction of the local people to any action to agree with Iraq to hand over any water resources, taking into account the reduction of these resources; second, intensification of environmental hazards, including the increase of fine dust in the western provinces of the country, which will have a negative reaction inside the country. In the regional dimension, the lack of mutual agreement between the two countries of Iran and Iraq on the use of water resources of the border rivers, which can lead to the formation of any political and security tensions with a regional approach in the future, and determining the share of water rights has become a lever of pressure on the part of the two countries against political demands.